INSIGHTS
- The agriculture sector employs nearly half of the workforce in the country. However, it contributes to 17.5% of the GDP (at current prices in 2015-16).
- Over the past few decades, the manufacturing and services sectors have increasingly contributed to the growth of the economy, while the agriculture sector’s contribution has decreased from more than 50% of GDP in the 1950s to 15.4% in 2015-16 (at constant prices).
- India’s production of food grains has been increasing every year, and India is among the top producers of several crops such as wheat, rice, pulses, sugarcane and cotton. It is the highest producer of milk and second highest producer of fruits and vegetables. In 2013, India contributed 25% to the world’s pulses production, the highest for any one country, 22% to the rice production and 13% to the wheat production. It also accounted for about 25% of the total quantity of cotton produced, besides being the second highest exporter of cotton for the past several years.
Figure 1: Yield in different countries (tonne/ha)
Sources: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; PRS. | · However, the agricultural yield (quantity of a crop produced per unit of land) is found to be lower in the case of most crops, as compared to other top producing countries such as China, Brazil and the United States. · Although India ranks third in the production of rice, its yield is lower than Brazil, China and the United States. The same trend is observed for pulses, where it is the second highest producer.
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Figure 2: Agricultural growth (in %)
Sources: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2015; PRS. | · Agricultural growth has been fairly volatile over the past decade, ranging from 5.8% in 2005-06 to 0.4% in 2009-10 and -0.2% in 2014-15. · Such a variance in agricultural growth has an impact on farm incomes as well as farmers’ ability to take credit for investing in their land holdings. | |
- Key issues affecting agricultural productivity include the decreasing sizes of agricultural land holdings, continued dependence on the monsoon, inadequate access to irrigation, imbalanced use of soil nutrients resulting in loss of fertility of soil, uneven access to modern technology in different parts of the country, lack of access to formal agricultural credit, limited procurement of food grains by government agencies, and failure to provide remunerative prices to farmers.
- Some of the recommendations made by committees and expert bodies over the years include bringing in agricultural land leasing laws, shifting to micro-irrigation techniques to improve efficiency of water use, improving access to quality seeds by engaging with the private sector, and introducing a national agricultural market to allow the trading of agricultural produce online.
State of Agriculture of India
Agricultural productivity depends on several factors. These include the availability and quality of agricultural inputs such as land, water, seeds and fertilizers, access to agricultural credit and crop insurance, assurance of remunerative prices for agricultural produce, and storage and marketing infrastructure, among others. This report provides an overview of the state of agriculture in India. It discusses factors related to the production and post-harvest activities in agriculture.
As of 2009-10, more than half of the total workforce (53%) of the country, i.e. 243 million persons were employed in agriculture.[1] The share of population depending on agriculture for its livelihood consists of landowners, tenant farmers who cultivate a piece of land, and agricultural labourers who are employed on these farms. Agricultural output has been volatile over the past 10 years, with annual growth ranging from 8.6% in 2010-11, to -0.2% in 2014-15 and 0.8% in 2015-16.[2] Figure 3 shows the trend in the growth of agricultural sector over the past 10 years.
Figure 3: Growth in agriculture sector (%)
Sources: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2015, Ministry of Agriculture; PRS. | Figure 4: Contribution to GDP of sectors (%)
Sources: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation; PRS. |
As seen in Figure 4, the agriculture sector’s contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) decreased from 54% in 1950-51 to 15.4% in 2015-16, while that of the services sector increased from 30% to 53%.[3],2 While the agriculture sector’s contribution to GDP has decreased over the past few decades, the contribution of sectors such as manufacturing (employing 10.5% of the population) and services (employing 24.4% of the population) has increased.1
Agricultural production and yield
Figure 5 shows the production of crops over the past few decades. The production of major crops over the past few decades is shown in Table 7 in the Annexure.
Figure 5: Agricultural production (million tonnes)
Sources: Ministry of Agriculture; PRS. | · Total production of food grains increased from 51 million tonnes in 1950-51 to 252 million tonnes in 2015-16.[4] According to the second advance estimate by the Ministry of Agriculture, food grains production is estimated to be 272 million tonnes in 2016-17.[5] · The production of wheat and rice took off after the green revolution in the 1960s, and as of 2015-16, wheat and rice accounted for 78% of the food grains production in the country. |
The country’s requirement for food grains in order to provide for its population is projected to be 300 million tonnes by 2025.[6] The estimate of food grains production in 2015-16 is 252 million. This implies that the crop output needs to grow at an annual average of 2%, which is close to the current growth trend.
Despite high levels of production, agricultural yield in India is lower than other large producing countries. Agricultural yield is the quantity of a crop produced on one unit of land. Agricultural yield of food grains has increased by more than four times since 1950-51, and was 2,070 kg/hectare in 2014-15.[7] However, as seen in Figure 6, India’s yield is low when compared to countries such as China, Brazil and the USA.
Figure 6: Yield in different countries in 2014-15 (in tonne/ha)
Sources: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; PRS. | · Although India is the second highest producer of paddy (rice) in the world (as of 2013), its yield is lower than China, Brazil and the USA. It is also the leading producer of pulses, but its yield is the lowest.[8],[9] · India’s productivity has also grown at a slower rate as compared to others. For instance, while Brazil’s yield for rice increased from 1.3 tonne/ha in 1981 to 4.9 tonne/ha in 2011, India’s increased from 2.0 to 3.6. China’s productivity in rice also grew from 4.3 to 6.7 in this period. |
Food security and nutrition
Besides providing for the livelihood of farmers and labourers, the agricultural sector also addresses food security for the nation. The Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations defines food security as a situation where all people have, at all times, physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets the dietary needs and food preferences for a healthy and active life.[10] Despite high levels of production in the country, 15% of the population continues to be under-nourished, as per 2014 estimates.[11]
India enacted the National Food Security Act in 2013. The 2013 Act aims to provide food and nutritional security to people by ensuring access to adequate amount of quality food at affordable prices.[13] Under the 2013 Act, persons belonging to certain categories are provided with food grains (wheat, rice and coarse cereals) at subsidised prices. As of 2015, 68% of the population, i.e. 81 crore persons (of which 77% are in rural areas and 23% in urban areas) are covered under the Act.[14]
Over the past few decades, with increasing per capita income and access to a variety of food groups, the consumption pattern of food in the country has been changing. Dependence on cereals for nutrition has decreased and the consumption of protein has increased.[15] Sources of protein include pulses, meat, seafood, and eggs, among others. According to a Finance Ministry report on incentivising the production of pulses in the country, poor levels of nutrition suggest that increasing the consumption of proteins should be the policy priority for the government.[16] The report estimates that the cost of pulses as a source of protein is lower than other sources. Under the current domestic scenario, India is facing a shortage of pulses which is being plugged by imports.
Agricultural trade
Major commodities imported to India are pulses, edible oils, fresh fruits and cashew nuts. Major commodities exported by India are rice, spices, cotton, meat and its preparations, sugar, etc. Over the past few decades, the share of agricultural imports in total imports has increased from 2.8% in 1990-91 to 4.2% in 2014-15, whereas the share of agricultural exports has reduced from 18.5% to 12.7%.[17] Tables 1 and 2 show the major agricultural exports and imports over the past three years.
Table 1: Agricultural exports (in $ billion)
Sources: Annual Reports, Department of Commerce; PRS. | Table 2: Agricultural imports (in $ billion)
Sources: Annual Reports, Department of Commerce; PRS. |
India’s trade policy is affected by factors such as domestic availability of commodities, cost of production as well as global price levels.[18] However, frequent changes in trade policy, such as reducing the import duty on a commodity in response to a shortage in supply, or decreasing minimum export price of a commodity to facilitate its exports, may have an adverse effect on the development of the agro-processing sector.18
Factors affecting agricultural productivity
Increase in small land holdings
140 million hectare of land is used as agricultural area, as of 2012-13.[19] Over the years, this area has been fragmented into smaller pieces of land. As seen in Table 3, the number of marginal land holdings (less than one hectare) increased from 36 million in 1971 to 93 million in 2011.[20] Marginal and small land holdings face a number of issues, such as problems with using mechanisation and irrigation techniques.
| Since smaller land holdings are either fragments of larger holdings which have been passed on within the family or have been informally leased by a large holder, farmers who cultivate these holdings often do not have a formal lease agreement. The absence of such land records does not allow these farmers to access formal credit or be eligible for government benefits such input subsidies or crop insurance schemes.
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Land records and informal leasing
Of the total agricultural area under operation, 10% of land has been given out on agricultural leases, with the percentage of leased out land varying across states.[21] 34% of the land in Andhra Pradesh, 25% in Punjab, 21% in Bihar and 18% in Sikkim has been leased out. In the past, states such as Karnataka and West Bengal have attempted to provide legal rights to tenant farmers by forming electronic records of land holdings and giving tenant farmers the right to their produce.[22],[23]
E-Bhoomi project in Karnataka The E-Bhoomi project was started by the Government of Karnataka in the early 2000s. The project aims to computerize existing land records and create a transparent system for changing land records and dividing or merging plots of land. Under the system, farmers can collect land record information for their plot at the Tehsil level, called Pahani. These records would contain information such as the survey number of the land, land owner’s details, the classification of the soil, and details regarding irrigation and crops grown, among others. The Pahani would enable the farmer to (i) know whether the plot he wants to purchase is genuine, (ii) raise farm credit from banks, (iii) use the land records for official or legal purposes. E-Bhoomi also allows farmers to approach the government to address grievances. |
Currently, laws of tenancy of agricultural land vary across different states.21 States such as Kerala, Jammu and Kashmir and Manipur completely prohibit the leasing of agricultural land. Others such as Bihar, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana and Odisha allow land leasing only by certain categories of land owners. On the other hand, states such as Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Assam do not explicitly prohibit leasing, and allow the tenant to purchase the land from the owner after a specified period of tenancy. In Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal, there is no legal ban on leasing land. Different states also have different ceilings on the area of land which may be leased.21
Bargadar system in West Bengal The West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1955 provides certain rights to Bargadars or land tenants. Bargadars are persons lawfully cultivating any land belonging to another person (who is not a family member). Under the Act, produce from the farm is divided between the tenant and owner in a 50:50 proportion if the cattle, manure and seeds are provided by the landowner, and 75:25 in all other cases. Illegal eviction of tenants is a cognizable offence punishable with imprisonment or fine, under the Act. However, it does not provide any ownership rights to the tenant. |
The NITI Aayog has proposed a Model Land Leasing Law to provide for the legalisation of land leasing.21 This would ensure that land owners have the security of ownership rights, and land tenants are secure in their tenancy. Legalisation of land tenancy would also ensure that farmers get access to formal credit, insurance, and inputs such as fertilizers. Table 16 in the Annexure provides details regarding land leasing restriction and the extent to which the Model land leasing law has been adopted in states.[24] Only Madhya Pradesh has adopted the Model land leasing law so far.
Access to agricultural credit and insurance
Access to agricultural credit is linked to the holding of land titles. As a result, small and marginal farmers, who account for more than half of the total land holdings, and may not hold formal land titles, are unable to access institutionalized credit.[25] Farmers may require credit for short term uses such as purchasing inputs, weeding, harvesting, sorting and transporting, or long term uses such as investing in agricultural machinery and equipment, or irrigation. Table 4 shows the distribution of agricultural loans according to sources, as of 2013.
Table 4: Land holdings and sources of agricultural credit (as of 2013)
Size of land (hectare) | Co-operative society | Bank | Money lender | Shopkeeper/ trader | Relatives/ friends | Others |
0-1 | 10% | 27% | 41% | 4% | 14% | 4% |
1-2 | 15% | 48% | 23% | 2% | 8% | 6% |
2-4 | 16% | 50% | 24% | 1% | 6% | 4% |
4-10 | 18% | 50% | 19% | 1% | 7% | 6% |
10+ | 14% | 64% | 16% | 1% | 4% | 2% |
Sources: Table 3.2, Report of the Committee on Medium-term Path on Financial Inclusion, Reserve Bank of India; PRS.
Farmers with land holdings of less than a hectare primarily borrow from informal sources of credit such as moneylenders (41%), whereas those with land holdings of two or more hectares primarily borrow from banks (50% or more). Other major sources of agricultural credit include shopkeepers, relatives or friends, and co-operative societies. Key issues relating to agricultural credit are lack of access to formal credit owing to unclear land records, skewed ratio between short term and long term agricultural credit, and inadequate access to crop insurance. These are summarized below.25
Short term and long term credit
Short term credit is generally taken for pre-harvest and post-harvest activities such as weeding, harvesting, sorting and transporting. Long term credit is generally taken in order to invest in agricultural machinery and equipment, irrigation and other developmental activities, etc. Over the past few decades, the trend of short term and long term agricultural credit in the country has reversed. In 1990-91, a majority of crop loans taken was long term credit, whereas short term credit accounted for only about a quarter of all agricultural loans.[26] As of 2011-12, 61% of crop credit was short term, whereas long term credit had a share of 39%.[27]
In addition, small and marginal farmers, who account for about 86% of total land holdings, take more short term loans than farmers with medium or large land holdings. This group of farmers also has the highest share of borrowings from informal sources of credit such as moneylenders, family and friends.
Inadequate access to crop insurance
As of 2011, about 10% of Indian farmers were covered under a crop insurance scheme.[28] Some persistent issues with the crop insurance system include (i) unawareness about insurance schemes, (ii) inadequate coverage of insurance schemes, (iii) assessment of the extent of damages in case of crop losses, and (iv) timely settlement of claims.[29]
The Standing Committee on Finance has recommended that assessment of crop damage should be completed and compensation should be deposited directly into farmers’ accounts in a timely manner.29 In addition, to reduce the seeking of unproductive credit, the government should create awareness about what crops should be grown based on the quality of soil and incidence of rainfall, etc. in different regions.29
A Committee on Financial Inclusion under the Reserve Bank of India had recommended that credit eligibility certificates, which would act as tenancy/lease certificates should be issued to tenant farmers. These certificates would enable also landless cultivators to obtain agricultural credit. It recommended that the Reserve Bank of India should issue guidelines to banks, to give loans to farmers against these certificates.
Currently, about 51% of the agricultural area cultivating food grains is covered by irrigation.[36] The rest of the area is dependent on rainfall (rain-fed agriculture). Sources of irrigation include ground water (wells, tube-wells) and surface water (canals, tanks). Table 5 shows the various sources of irrigation used in agriculture.
Table 5: Sources of irrigation (as of 2010-11)
Sources: Agriculture Census 2011; PRS. | · There is a need to improve the efficiency of water use, especially in agriculture. Irrigation currently consumes about 84% of the total available water in the country.[37] · Nearly 65% of the irrigated land holdings use ground water sources such as tube wells and wells for irrigation. |
The past few decades has led to an overuse of ground water sources in states, especially those growing water intensive crops such as rice. For instance, in Haryana and Rajasthan, 40%-75% of the ground water units are over-exploited, and the situation is worse in Punjab, where 75%-90% of ground water units have been over-exploited.[38] Details of ground water development across states may be found in Table 15 in the Annexure.
The Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices has recommended that quantitative ceilings should be fixed on the per hectare use of water.[39] In addition, farmers using lesser water than the ceiling fixed should receive money equivalent to remaining units of water at the current domestic costs. This would incentivize them to ration their use of water.
In 2011 and 2013, the government released Model Bills for Ground Water Management, based on which states could formulate their own laws.[40] It also launched a Policy in 2012 relating to water demand management, efficiency of water usage, and pricing.[41] The Model Bills were based on the doctrine of public trust, under which resources meant for public use cannot be converted into private ownership. More recently, the Ministry of Water Resources circulated a Model Bill for Groundwater, 2016, which may be adopted by states.[42] The Bill provides an institutional framework for the protection and management of groundwater. It states that groundwater is a common resource of all persons, and ownership of the land over a groundwater resource should not deprive others from accessing it. It also states that industrial or bulk usage of groundwater will be priced.
Micro-irrigation techniques
The Economic Survey 2015-16 observed that India largely uses the technique of flood irrigation, where water is allowed flow in the field and seep into the soil.[43] This results in the wastage of water since excess water seeps into the soil or flows off the surface without being utilised. It has been recommended that farmers should move from flood irrigation to the drip or sprinkler irrigation systems (micro irrigation).[44] This would help in conserving water as well as save on the cost of irrigation. Using micro-irrigation systems (such as drip or sprinkler irrigation) has also been linked to an increase in the yield of crops.
Note that India uses 2-3 times as much water to produce one tonne of grain as countries such as China, Brazil and the United States.43 If India also increases its efficiency of water use, it will be able to cover a wider area for irrigation. Table 14 in the Annexure provides a state-wise coverage of micro-irrigation in the country.
Imbalance in use of fertilizers
The manufacture, sale, and distribution of fertilizers in the country is regulated by the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955. There are three major types of nutrients used as fertilizers: Nitrogen (N), Phosphatic (P), and Potassic (K). Of these, the pricing of urea (containing N fertilizer) is controlled by the government, while P and K fertilizers were decontrolled in 1992, on the recommendation of a Joint Parliamentary Committee. It has been observed that urea is used more than other fertilizers. While the recommended ratio of use of the NPK fertilizers is 4:2:1, this ratio in India is currently at 6.7:2.4:1.6 Overuse of urea is especially observed in the states of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.6 Figure 7 shows the trend in the consumption of fertilizers over the past decade.
Figure 7: Consumption of fertilizers (lakh tonnes)
Sources: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2015; PRS. |
An imbalanced use of urea may lead to a loss of fertility in the soil over a period of time, affecting productivity. Urea (N) is the most produced (86%), consumed (74%) and imported (52%) fertilizer in the country.[49] The government determines the quantity of fertilizers to be imported based on their domestic availability.
However, the process of fixing the quantity to be imported and actually receiving the imports takes about 60-70 days, since only three companies are allowed to import urea into the country. Thus shortages are often caused in the urea market. Since farmers have to ensure that urea is applied to their crops on time, it leads to the growth of black markets selling urea, often at prices above the maximum retail prices.49
The level of fertilizer required for a crop depends upon the soil type, level of yield, and water availability, in addition to the type of crop.6 Certain crops such as rice, wheat, maize, cotton and sugarcane require larger quantities of nitrogen as compared to pulses, fruits and vegetables. Although the ratio of N, P, and K fertilizer usage across crops has increased, the quantity of fertilizers used by India is still lower as compared to other countries. The average consumption of fertilizers increased from 106 kg per ha in 2005-06 to 128 kg per ha in 2012-13. In comparison, Pakistan consumes 205 kg per ha and China consumes 396 kg per ha.
Nutrient based subsidy policy The central government launched the nutrient based subsidy policy (NBS) in 2010 for P and K fertilizers. The policy was formulated with the objective of promoting a balanced use of N, P and K fertilizers. The policy allowed the manufacturers of P and K fertilizers to fix their maximum retail prices (MRPs) at reasonable levels. The subsidy provided would be based on per kilogram of the nutrient. The policy also provided for an additional subsidy to be paid to indigenous manufacturers of fertilizers. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India, in its report on the performance of the NBS policy stated that in the five years since its implementation, the policy had not succeeded in bringing about a balanced use of fertilizers.[50] The fertilizer usage ratio of urea increased from 4.3 in 2009-10 to 8.2 in 2012-13. |
To meet the production target of 300 million tonnes of food grains by 2025 which was mentioned earlier, 45 million tonne of fertilizers would be required. Of this, 6-7 million tonnes may be met from organic fertilizers, but the rest would be met by chemical fertilizers (containing N, P and K). The domestic production of fertilizers would have to be increased to meet this demand.6
Fertilizer Subsidy
Figure 8: Fertilizer subsidy (in Rs crore)
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Currently the amount of subsidy to be given is determined based on the cost of production of the fertilizer company.49 Companies with a higher cost of production receive greater subsidies. This reduces the companies’ incentive to reduce their cost of production. Although the consumption of urea has been increasing over the past decade, no new domestic production capacity has been added in the past 15 years.49
A Committee that examined the role of Food Corporation of India recommended that cash transfers should be made to farmers to replace the current fertilizer subsidy regime.[51] This would allow farmers to choose fertilizers in the combination best suited to their needs, and help them to fix the fertilizer imbalance in soil. In the Union Budget 2016-17, it was announced that a direct benefit transfer program for fertilizers would be launched on a pilot basis in a few districts across the country.[52] In July 2016, the government announced that it would be conducting pilot studies of direct benefit transfers in 16 districts in 2016-17.[53]
Use of pesticides
The consumption of chemical pesticides in the country has increased over the past few years, from 55,540 tonne in 2010-11 to 57,353 tonne in 2014-15.[54] Over this time period, the imports of pesticides also increased from 53,996 tonne to 77,376 tonne. Issues with regard to the use of pesticides include use of low-quality pesticides, and a lack of awareness about pesticide use. The Economic Survey 2015-16 noted that the use of pesticides without proper guidelines has led to an increase in pesticide residue being found in food products in India.18
While the production of pesticides is monitored by the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, their usage is administered by the Ministry of Agriculture. There is a need to review the Insecticide Act, 1968, to provide for a regulatory framework for the pesticides sector.6 The Standing Committee on Agriculture has also recommended that a Pesticides Development and Regulation Authority be created to regulate the manufacturing, import and sale of pesticides in the country.6 Other recommendations include developing an integrated pest-management system, which includes a mix of the mechanical and biological methods of pest control, and encourages the use of bio-pesticides.18
Agricultural markets
The production, supply and distribution of certain commodities comes under the purview of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955.[75] These commodities include food grains, oilseeds, cotton and woollen textiles, jute, and coal, among others. Under the Act, the central government may control the price at which any essential commodity is traded. It may also regulate licenses for its storage, transport, distribution, disposal or consumption.
Agricultural markets in the country are regulated by state Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC) laws.[76] Under these state Acts, farmers are required to sell their produce at state-owned mandis. Over the years, several issues have been highlighted in this system. For instance, APMC mandis currently levy a market fee on farmers who wish to sell their produce in the mandis. This makes it expensive for farmers to sell at APMC mandis. In addition, farmers have to arrange for their produce to be transported from their farms to the nearest mandi, which brings in costs such as transport and fuel. In transporting the produce from the farm to the store, several intermediaries are involved. These intermediaries are all paid a certain proportion of the price, as commissions. Thus the market price which the farmer receives for his produce is significantly lower than the price at which his produce is sold to the retailer.
The central government had released a Model APMC Act in 2003, to be enacted by states.[77] The Model Act (i) provides for the direct selling of produce through contract farming, (ii) permits private persons, farmers and consumers to establish agricultural markets, (iii) levies a single market fee on the sale of the commodity, and (iv) replaces licences with registration of market agencies so that they can operate in more than one market, among other things. However, only 18 states and union territories have implemented the reforms laid out in the Model Act.[78] Four states are yet to initiate the reforms, and the remaining states are at various stages of implementing them.
The Economic Survey 2014-15 recommended that a National Agricultural Market (NAM) be created to provide for a national electronic platform on which farmers may sell their produce.[79] Such a market would enable farmers to receive a corresponding price for their produce and also allow them to sell their produce anywhere in the country. In April 2016, the central government launched the National Agricultural Market in 8 states districts, and integrated wholesale mandis in these areas to create a common platform.[80] Information regarding states’ progress towards APMC reforms may be found in Table 18 of the Annexure.
Annexure
Table 6: Number of land holdings in states according to size in 2010-11 (in 100 hectares)
State | Marginal (< 1 ha) | Small (1-2 ha) | Semi-medium (2-4 ha) | Medium (4-10 ha) | Large (> 10 ha) | All holdings |
Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 46 | 24 | 31 | 16 | 0 | 118 |
Andhra Pradesh | 84,247 | 29,184 | 13,991 | 3,973 | 357 | 1,31,751 |
Arunachal Pradesh | 215 | 193 | 340 | 279 | 65 | 1,093 |
Assam | 18,311 | 4,966 | 3,035 | 849 | 41 | 27,202 |
Bihar | 1,47,441 | 9,480 | 4,147 | 815 | 31 | 1,61,914 |
Chandigarh | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
Chhattisgarh | 21,828 | 8,311 | 5,030 | 2,018 | 277 | 37,465 |
Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 82 | 39 | 18 | 7 | 1 | 147 |
Daman and Diu | 77 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 84 |
Delhi | 113 | 45 | 30 | 15 | 2 | 205 |
Goa | 599 | 98 | 57 | 20 | 6 | 780 |
Gujarat | 18,156 | 14,290 | 10,795 | 5,127 | 488 | 48,856 |
Haryana | 7,781 | 3,148 | 2,838 | 1,947 | 458 | 16,173 |
Himachal Pradesh | 6,704 | 1,746 | 849 | 276 | 33 | 9,608 |
Jammu and Kashmir | 12,066 | 1,671 | 637 | 114 | 5 | 14,494 |
Jharkhand | 18,483 | 4,289 | 2,828 | 1,287 | 202 | 27,089 |
Karnataka | 38,488 | 21,382 | 12,668 | 5,107 | 676 | 78,322 |
Kerala | 65,797 | 1,802 | 570 | 120 | 19 | 68,308 |
Lakshadweep | 99 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 103 |
Madhya Pradesh | 38,910 | 24,487 | 16,548 | 7,891 | 887 | 88,724 |
Maharashtra | 67,090 | 40,523 | 21,591 | 7,106 | 679 | 1,36,990 |
Manipur | 767 | 222 | 28 | 0 | 1,506 | - |
Meghalaya | 1,027 | 578 | 405 | 83 | 2 | 2,096 |
Mizoram | 502 | 298 | 99 | 17 | 3 | 919 |
Nagaland | 65 | 203 | 485 | 780 | 252 | 1,784 |
Odisha | 33,683 | 9,186 | 3,113 | 637 | 56 | 46,675 |
Puducherry | 285 | 28 | 14 | 4 | 1 | 332 |
Punjab | 1,644 | 1,954 | 3,245 | 2,985 | 697 | 10,526 |
Rajasthan | 25,115 | 15,111 | 13,351 | 11,271 | 4,036 | 68,884 |
Sikkim | 405 | 169 | 108 | 59 | 8 | 749 |
Tamil Nadu | 62,666 | 11,813 | 5,023 | 1,506 | 174 | 81,182 |
Tripura | 4,991 | 550 | 215 | 28 | 1 | 5,785 |
Uttar Pradesh | 1,85,323 | 30,353 | 13,343 | 3,983 | 253 | 2,33,255 |
Uttarakhand | 6,721 | 1,573 | 648 | 173 | 11 | 9,127 |
West Bengal | 58,527 | 9,798 | 2,675 | 227 | 7 | 71,233 |
Total | 9,28,260 | 2,47,792 | 1,38,956 | 58,750 | 9,728 | 13,83,485 |
Sources: Table 15.2(a), Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2015, Ministry of Agriculture; PRS.
Table 7: Production of crops (in million tonnes)
Year | Rice | Wheat | Coarse cereals | Pulses | Total food grains | Oilseeds | Cotton | Sugarcane |
1950-51 | 21 | 6 | 15 | 8 | 51 | 5 | 3 | 57 |
1960-61 | 35 | 11 | 24 | 13 | 82 | 7 | 6 | 110 |
1970-71 | 42 | 24 | 31 | 12 | 108 | 10 | 5 | 126 |
1980-81 | 54 | 36 | 29 | 11 | 130 | 9 | 7 | 154 |
1990-91 | 74 | 55 | 33 | 14 | 176 | 19 | 10 | 241 |
2000-01 | 85 | 70 | 31 | 11 | 197 | 18 | 10 | 296 |
2010-11 | 96 | 87 | 43 | 18 | 244 | 32 | 33 | 342 |
2014-15 | 105 | 87 | 43 | 17 | 252 | 28 | 35 | 362 |
2015-16 | 104 | 94 | 38 | 16 | 252 | 25 | 30 | 352 |
Note: Cotton production is in bales of 170 kg each.
Sources: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2015, Ministry of Agriculture; PRS.
Table 8: Top producing states for major crops in 2014-15
State | Production (million tonnes) | % of all India | Yield (kg/ha) | Area under irrigation (%) |
Rice | ||||
West Bengal | 14.7 | 14.0 | 2,731 | 48.2% |
Uttar Pradesh | 12.2 | 11.7 | 2,082 | 83.1% |
Andhra Pradesh | 11.6 | 11.0 | 3,036 | 96.8% |
India | 104.8 | 2,390 | 58.3% | |
Wheat | ||||
Uttar Pradesh | 25.2 | 28.4 | 2,561 | 98.4% |
Punjab | 15.8 | 17.7 | 4,491 | 98.9% |
Madhya Pradesh | 14.2 | 16.0 | 2,551 | 90.8% |
India | 88.9 | 2,872 | 93.4% | |
Maize | ||||
Andhra Pradesh | 4.2 | 17.9 | 4,257 | 49.5% |
Karnataka | 3.9 | 16.5 | 2,921 | 36.0% |
Maharashtra | 2.2 | 9.3 | 2,080 | 12.7% |
India | 23.7 | 2,557 | 25.4% | |
Coarse cereals | ||||
Rajasthan | 7.6 | 18.1 | 1,257 | 7.4% |
Karnataka | 6.7 | 16.0 | 1,992 | 20.1% |
Andhra Pradesh | 4.7 | 11.3 | 3,596 | 39.7% |
India | 41.8 | 1,729 | 16.5% | |
Pulses | ||||
Madhya Pradesh | 4.7 | 27.4 | 877 | 38.5% |
Rajasthan | 2.0 | 11.3 | 580 | 21.1% |
Maharashtra | 1.7 | 10.1 | 553 | 9.2% |
India | 17.2 | 744 | 18.6% | |
Oilseeds | ||||
Madhya Pradesh | 7.7 | 29.0 | 1,090 | 5.5% |
Rajasthan | 5.3 | 20.0 | 1,192 | 60.4% |
Gujarat | 4.0 | 14.9 | 1,550 | 31.3% |
India | 26.7 | 1,037 | 28.3% | |
Sugarcane | ||||
Uttar Pradesh | 138.5 | 38.5 | 62,154 | 95.1% |
Maharashtra | 81.9 | 22.8 | 78,120 | 100.0% |
Karnataka | 41.9 | 11.7 | 93,100 | 100.0% |
India | 359.3 | 69,860 | 95.0% | |
Cotton (in million bales: 1 bale= 170 kg) | ||||
Gujarat | 11.1 | 31.3 | 626 | 58.7% |
Maharashtra | 7.0 | 19.8 | 285 | 2.7% |
Andhra Pradesh | 6.6 | 18.7 | 444 | 13.9% |
India | 35.5 | 461 | 33.8% | |
Sources: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2015, Ministry of Agriculture; PRS.
Table 9: State-wise yield of food grains (in kg/ha)
State/UT | 2004-05 | 2005-06 | 2006-07 | 2007-08 | 2008-09 | 2009-10 | 2010-11 | 2011-12 | 2012-13 | 2013-14 | 2014-15* |
Andhra Pradesh | 2,138 | 2,365 | 2,231 | 2,613 | 2,744 | 2,294 | 2,530 | 2,519 | 2,670 | 2,661 | 2,653 |
Arunachal Pradesh | 1,178 | 1,212 | 1,216 | 1,241 | 1,255 | 1,555 | 1,673 | 1,778 | 1,786 | 1,794 | # |
Assam | 1,405 | 1,416 | 1,286 | 1,378 | 1,551 | 1,662 | 1,763 | 1,704 | 1,962 | 1,916 | 2,012 |
Bihar | 1,192 | 1,311 | 1,656 | 1,546 | 1,766 | 1,530 | 1,479 | 2,098 | 2,366 | 2,018 | 1,948 |
Chhattisgarh | 979 | 1,111 | 1,148 | 1,238 | 1,041 | 1,008 | 1,424 | 1,384 | 1,506 | 1,524 | 1,433 |
Goa | 2,456 | 2,509 | 2,254 | 2,091 | 2,231 | 1,990 | 2,264 | 2,272 | 2,361 | 2,659 | # |
Gujarat | 1,412 | 1,551 | 1,423 | 1,831 | 1,595 | 1,560 | 1,843 | 1,874 | 1,970 | 2,097 | 1,955 |
Haryana | 3,092 | 3,045 | 3,393 | 3,420 | 3,388 | 3,383 | 3,526 | 3,879 | 3,689 | 3,855 | 3,772 |
Himachal Pradesh | 1,923 | 1,731 | 1,714 | 1,918 | 1,757 | 1,297 | 1,787 | 1,911 | 1,850 | 1,962 | 2,011 |
Jammu and Kashmir | 1,686 | 1,680 | 1,733 | 1,711 | 1,851 | 1,405 | 1,639 | 1,690 | 1,962 | 1,915 | 1,379 |
Jharkhand | 1,234 | 1,073 | 1,550 | 1,709 | 1,720 | 1,330 | 1,257 | 1,798 | 1,876 | 1,891 | 1,855 |
Karnataka | 1,388 | 1,776 | 1,289 | 1,548 | 1,511 | 1,377 | 1,684 | 1,629 | 1,488 | 1,620 | 1,684 |
Kerala | 2,278 | 2,219 | 2,331 | 2,221 | 2,440 | 2,470 | 2,399 | 2,695 | 2,547 | 2,530 | 2,805 |
Madhya Pradesh | 1,131 | 1,130 | 1,167 | 1,069 | 1,168 | 1,285 | 1,162 | 1,510 | 1,676 | 1,603 | 1,719 |
Maharashtra | 836 | 948 | 940 | 1,150 | 1,001 | 1,039 | 1,184 | 1,155 | 1,038 | 1,207 | 1,043 |
Manipur | 2,390 | 2,241 | 2,241 | 2,297 | 2,236 | 1,796 | 2,244 | 2,397 | 1,926 | 1,745 | # |
Meghalaya | 1,674 | 1,455 | 1,800 | 1,774 | 1,783 | 1,809 | 1,803 | 1,873 | 1,997 | 2,387 | # |
Mizoram | 1,888 | 1,754 | 822 | 285 | 898 | 1,047 | 1,246 | 1,382 | 1,756 | 1,506 | # |
Nagaland | 1,577 | 1,615 | 1,482 | 1,567 | 1,811 | 1,256 | 1,958 | 1,967 | 2,027 | 2,018 | # |
Odisha | 1,300 | 1,349 | 1,369 | 1,484 | 1,363 | 1,262 | 1,432 | 1,303 | 1,592 | 1,625 | 1,733 |
Punjab | 4,040 | 3,986 | 1,359 | 4,255 | 4,231 | 4,144 | 4,280 | 4,364 | 4,347 | 4,500 | 4,144 |
Rajasthan | 1,008 | 919 | 4,017 | 1,180 | 1,263 | 931 | 1,249 | 1,348 | 1,480 | 1,334 | 1,535 |
Sikkim | 1,406 | 1,354 | 991 | 1,378 | 1,351 | 1,496 | 1,448 | 1,495 | 1,608 | 1,577 | # |
Tamil Nadu | 1,874 | 1,847 | 1,354 | 2,125 | 2,225 | 2,477 | 2,393 | 3,162 | 2,131 | 2,554 | 2,529 |
Tripura | 2,179 | 2,194 | 2,610 | 2,563 | 2,526 | 2,544 | 2,587 | 2,620 | 2,711 | 2,680 | # |
Uttar Pradesh | 1,961 | 2,057 | 2,399 | 2,206 | 2,365 | 2,236 | 2,386 | 2,498 | 2,542 | 2,484 | 2,117 |
Uttarakhand | 1,697 | 1,548 | 2,057 | 1,785 | 1,715 | 1,780 | 1,841 | 1,945 | 1,962 | 1,995 | 1,824 |
West Bengal | 2,479 | 2,423 | 1,760 | 2,525 | 2,493 | 2,522 | 2,601 | 2,645 | 2,717 | 2,721 | 2,691 |
Others | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,778 |
All India | 1,652 | 1,715 | 1,756 | 1,860 | 1,909 | 1,798 | 1,930 | 2,078 | 2,129 | 2,120 | 2,070 |
*4th Advance Estimates.
Sources: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2015, Ministry of Agriculture; PRS.
Table 10: State wise yield of wheat (in kg/ha)
State/UT | 2005-06 | 2006-07 | 2007-08 | 2008-09 | 2009-10 | 2010-11 | 2011-12 | 2012-13 | 2013-14 | 2014-15 |
Andhra Pradesh | 818 | 900 | 889 | 1,143 | 1,000 | 1,300 | 1,375 | 1,250 | 500 | 1,000 |
Arunachal Pradesh | 1,525 | 1,575 | 1,472 | 1,576 | 1,505 | 1,595 | 1,757 | 1,498 | 1,510 | * |
Assam | 1,074 | 1,117 | 1,268 | 1,090 | 1,087 | 1,179 | 1,147 | 1,304 | 1,292 | 1,257 |
Bihar | 1,617 | 1,908 | 2,058 | 2,043 | 2,084 | 1,948 | 2,206 | 2,427 | 2,358 | 1,851 |
Chhattisgarh | 886 | 1,002 | 1,059 | 1,040 | 1,086 | 1,144 | 1,227 | 1,396 | 1,304 | 1,388 |
Gujarat | 2,700 | 2,498 | 3,013 | 2,377 | 2,679 | 3,155 | 3,014 | 2,875 | 3,255 | 2,810 |
Haryana | 3,844 | 4,232 | 4,158 | 4,390 | 4,213 | 4,624 | 5,030 | 4,452 | 4,722 | 4,574 |
Himachal Pradesh | 1,894 | 1,385 | 1,376 | 1,520 | 928 | 1,530 | 1,671 | 1,671 | 1,873 | 1,800 |
Jammu and Kashmir | 1,790 | 1,893 | 1,782 | 1,735 | 1,003 | 1,535 | 1,689 | 1,595 | 2,061 | 1,200 |
Jharkhand | 1,340 | 1,529 | 1,621 | 1,541 | 1,738 | 1,642 | 1,908 | 1,944 | 2,123 | 1,931 |
Karnataka | 858 | 762 | 946 | 918 | 887 | 1,094 | 858 | 796 | 1,005 | 1,091 |
Madhya Pradesh | 1,613 | 1,835 | 1,612 | 1,723 | 1,967 | 1,757 | 2,360 | 2,478 | 2,405 | 2,551 |
Maharashtra | 1,393 | 1,325 | 1,659 | 1,483 | 1,610 | 1,761 | 1,558 | 1,528 | 1,460 | 1,381 |
Meghalaya | 1,714 | 2,000 | 1,833 | 1,750 | 1,773 | 1,791 | 1,564 | 1,806 | 1,881 | * |
Nagaland | 1,583 | 867 | 1,067 | 1,500 | 1,200 | 1,712 | 1,711 | 1,801 | 1,823 | * |
Odisha | 1,364 | 1,487 | 1,554 | 1,396 | 1,450 | 1,458 | 1,644 | 1,894 | 1,574 | 1,772 |
Punjab | 4,179 | 4,210 | 4,507 | 4,462 | 4,307 | 4,693 | 4,898 | 4,724 | 5,017 | 4,492 |
Rajasthan | 2,762 | 2,751 | 2,749 | 3,175 | 3,133 | 2,910 | 3,175 | 3,028 | 3,083 | 2,974 |
Sikkim | 1,385 | 1,385 | 1,000 | 1,345 | 1,135 | 1,023 | 1,060 | 1,058 | 1,083 | * |
Tripura | 2,636 | 1,800 | 1,900 | 2,000 | 1,984 | 2,025 | 2,000 | 2,000 | 2,000 | * |
Uttar Pradesh | 2,627 | 2,721 | 2,817 | 3,002 | 2,846 | 3,113 | 3,113 | 3,113 | 3,038 | 2,561 |
Uttarakhand | 1,633 | 2,049 | 2,050 | 2,003 | 2,139 | 2,316 | 2,379 | 2,396 | 2,422 | 1,902 |
West Bengal | 2,109 | 2,282 | 2,602 | 2,490 | 2,680 | 2,760 | 2,765 | 2,786 | 2,791 | 2,836 |
All India | 2,619 | 2,708 | 2,802 | 2,907 | 2,839 | 2,989 | 3,177 | 3,117 | 3,145 | 2,872 |
Note: Figures for 2014-15 are 4th advance estimates. *in 2014-15, yield of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura has been consolidated as 3,902 kg/ha.
Sources: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2015; PRS.
Table 11: State wise yield of rice (in kg/ha)
State/UT | 2005-06 | 2006-07 | 2007-08 | 2008-09 | 2009-10 | 2010-11 | 2011-12 | 2012-13 | 2013-14 | 2014-15 |
Andhra Pradesh | 2,939 | 2,984 | 3,344 | 3,246 | 3,062 | 3,035 | 3,148 | 3,173 | 2,921 | 3,036 |
Arunachal Pradesh | 1,195 | 1,195 | 1,275 | 1,293 | 1,777 | 1,925 | 2,065 | 2,086 | 2,092 | * |
Assam | 1,468 | 1,332 | 1,428 | 1,614 | 1,737 | 1,843 | 1,780 | 2,061 | 2,012 | 2,135 |
Bihar | 1,075 | 1,486 | 1,237 | 1,599 | 1,120 | 1,095 | 2,155 | 2,282 | 1,759 | 1,951 |
Chhattisgarh | 1,337 | 1,354 | 1,446 | 1,176 | 1,120 | 1,663 | 1,597 | 1,746 | 1,766 | 1,581 |
Goa | 2,822 | 2,458 | 2,330 | 2,466 | 2,136 | 2,467 | 2,577 | 2,679 | 2,954 | * |
Gujarat | 1,949 | 1,894 | 1,942 | 1,744 | 1,903 | 1,852 | 2,141 | 2,198 | 2,076 | 2,085 |
Haryana | 3,051 | 3,238 | 3,361 | 2,726 | 3,008 | 2,789 | 3,044 | 3,272 | 3,256 | 3,113 |
Himachal Pradesh | 1,412 | 1,559 | 1,546 | 1,523 | 1,381 | 1,673 | 1,705 | 1,629 | 1,625 | 1,751 |
Jammu and Kashmir | 2,150 | 2,194 | 2,133 | 2,186 | 1,914 | 1,942 | 2,078 | 3,126 | 2,250 | 1,710 |
Jharkhand | 1,150 | 1,828 | 2,018 | 2,031 | 1,546 | 1,541 | 2,131 | 2,238 | 2,238 | 2,210 |
Karnataka | 3,868 | 2,470 | 2,625 | 2,511 | 2,482 | 2,719 | 2,793 | 2,632 | 2,666 | 2,827 |
Kerala | 2,284 | 2,390 | 2,310 | 2,519 | 2,557 | 2,452 | 2,733 | 2,577 | 2,551 | 2,818 |
Madhya Pradesh | 999 | 824 | 938 | 927 | 872 | 1,106 | 1,340 | 1,474 | 1,474 | 1,684 |
Maharashtra | 1,770 | 1,669 | 1,898 | 1,489 | 1,474 | 1,766 | 1,837 | 1,965 | 1,924 | 1,891 |
Manipur | 2,322 | 2,322 | 2,446 | 2,357 | 1,889 | 2,453 | 2,642 | 2,546 | 2,201 | * |
Meghalaya | 1,508 | 1,916 | 1,880 | 1,886 | 1,910 | 1,912 | 1,988 | 2,125 | 2,493 | * |
Mizoram | 1,778 | 559 | 288 | 885 | 939 | 1,160 | 1,411 | 2,088 | 1,522 | * |
Nagaland | 1,682 | 1,600 | 1,685 | 1,994 | 1,426 | 2,102 | 2,106 | 2,204 | 2,260 | * |
Odisha | 1,531 | 1,534 | 1,694 | 1,529 | 1,585 | 1,616 | 1,450 | 1,814 | 1,821 | 1,989 |
Punjab | 3,858 | 3,868 | 4,019 | 4,022 | 4,010 | 3,828 | 3,741 | 3,998 | 3,952 | 3,838 |
Rajasthan | 1,425 | 1,577 | 2,031 | 1,807 | 1,515 | 2,025 | 1,886 | 1,771 | 2,147 | 2,186 |
Sikkim | 1,433 | 1,433 | 1,636 | 1,476 | 1,869 | 1,727 | 1,730 | 1,790 | 1,815 | * |
Tamil Nadu | 2,546 | 3,423 | 2,817 | 2,683 | 3,070 | 3,040 | 3,918 | 2,772 | 3,100 | 3,191 |
Tripura | 2,260 | 2,472 | 2,633 | 2,586 | 2,606 | 2,655 | 2,700 | 2,800 | 2,800 | * |
Uttar Pradesh | 1,996 | 1,879 | 2,063 | 2,171 | 2,084 | 2,120 | 2,358 | 2,460 | 2,447 | 2,082 |
Uttarakhand | 1,954 | 1,979 | 2,052 | 1,966 | 2,068 | 1,901 | 2,121 | 2,206 | 2,289 | 2,313 |
West Bengal | 2,509 | 2,593 | 2,573 | 2,533 | 2,547 | 2,639 | 2,688 | 2,760 | 2,788 | 2,731 |
All India | 2,102 | 2,131 | 2,202 | 2,178 | 2,125 | 2,239 | 2,393 | 2,461 | 2,416 | 2,390 |
Note: Figures for 2014-15 are 4th advance estimates. *in 2014-15, yield of Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura has been consolidated as 2,488 kg/ha.
Sources: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2015; PRS.
Table 12: State wise yield of pulses (in kg/ha)
State/UT | 2005-06 | 2006-07 | 2007-08 | 2008-09 | 2009-10 | 2010-11 | 2011-12 | 2012-13 | 2013-14 | 2014-15 |
Andhra Pradesh | 772 | 679 | 803 | 818 | 740 | 675 | 637 | 833 | 928 | 797 |
Arunachal Pradesh | 1,078 | 1,078 | 1,078 | 1,059 | 1,000 | 879 | 920 | 1,076 | 1,149 | * |
Assam | 537 | 557 | 558 | 567 | 560 | 555 | 573 | 598 | 695 | 642 |
Bihar | 749 | 722 | 818 | 801 | 836 | 878 | 975 | 1,052 | 1,044 | 830 |
Chhattisgarh | 477 | 543 | 586 | 580 | 604 | 624 | 613 | 700 | 574 | 834 |
Goa | 1,045 | 1,358 | 991 | 1,030 | 1,082 | 1,057 | 836 | 902 | 1,102 | * |
Gujarat | 704 | 593 | 843 | 777 | 705 | 812 | 815 | 867 | 897 | 912 |
Haryana | 622 | 824 | 602 | 972 | 758 | 899 | 706 | 800 | 819 | 692 |
Himachal Pradesh | 713 | 932 | 1,062 | 758 | 681 | 1,213 | 954 | 1,413 | 1,763 | 1,251 |
Jammu and Kashmir | 504 | 505 | 508 | 464 | 456 | 584 | 508 | 530 | 535 | 292 |
Jharkhand | 567 | 686 | 736 | 724 | 709 | 773 | 885 | 1,038 | 1,021 | 1,004 |
Karnataka | 487 | 377 | 531 | 466 | 451 | 561 | 492 | 555 | 641 | 644 |
Kerala | 775 | 857 | 857 | 818 | 991 | 778 | 747 | 1,042 | 1,091 | 1,158 |
Madhya Pradesh | 754 | 780 | 609 | 808 | 871 | 656 | 803 | 972 | 861 | 877 |
Maharashtra | 584 | 602 | 746 | 537 | 702 | 768 | 693 | 704 | 802 | 554 |
Manipur | 523 | 523 | 497 | 504 | 497 | 897 | 942 | 936 | 933 | * |
Meghalaya | 750 | 744 | 825 | 867 | 881 | 881 | 896 | 1,019 | 1,092 | * |
Mizoram | 1,215 | 1,160 | 529 | 900 | 1,667 | 1,534 | 1,389 | 1,061 | 1,468 | * |
Nagaland | 1,281 | 1,200 | 1,189 | 1,203 | 906 | 1,085 | 1,091 | 1,099 | 1,124 | * |
Odisha | 416 | 445 | 446 | 481 | 461 | 486 | 471 | 513 | 537 | 527 |
Punjab | 804 | 850 | 804 | 908 | 896 | 910 | 789 | 823 | 872 | 894 |
Rajasthan | 261 | 462 | 401 | 497 | 204 | 685 | 546 | 603 | 593 | 580 |
Sikkim | 897 | 897 | 928 | 937 | 977 | 899 | 903 | 915 | 925 | * |
Tamil Nadu | 337 | 541 | 303 | 307 | 382 | 386 | 552 | 413 | 752 | 689 |
Tripura | 629 | 654 | 691 | 718 | 713 | 706 | 697 | 705 | 719 | * |
Uttar Pradesh | 811 | 725 | 731 | 899 | 748 | 832 | 993 | 985 | 736 | 618 |
Uttarakhand | 590 | 642 | 794 | 609 | 719 | 851 | 891 | 841 | 869 | 799 |
West Bengal | 785 | 703 | 793 | 704 | 826 | 898 | 706 | 952 | 843 | 713 |
All India | 598 | 612 | 625 | 659 | 630 | 691 | 699 | 789 | 764 | 744 |
Note: Figures for 2014-15 are 4th advance estimates. *in 2014-15, yield of Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura has been consolidated as 7,029 kg/ha.
Sources: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2015; PRS.
Table 13: State wise yield of oilseeds (in kg/ha)
State/UT | 2005-06 | 2006-07 | 2007-08 | 2008-09 | 2009-10 | 2010-11 | 2011-12 | 2012-13 | 2013-14 | 2014-15 |
Andhra Pradesh | 698 | 609 | 1,276 | 842 | 724 | 861 | 650 | 849 | 929 | 778 |
Arunachal Pradesh | 838 | 838 | 962 | 963 | 928 | 921 | 1,015 | 909 | 958 | * |
Assam | 465 | 495 | 523 | 542 | 526 | 576 | 557 | 610 | 611 | 628 |
Bihar | 982 | 1,031 | 979 | 999 | 1,042 | 1,048 | 1,046 | 1,120 | 1,189 | 1,058 |
Chhattisgarh | 419 | 503 | 532 | 507 | 607 | 686 | 550 | 723 | 640 | 595 |
Goa | 2,394 | 1,769 | 1,892 | 2,158 | 2,807 | 2,862 | 2,500 | 2,409 | 2,544 | * |
Gujarat | 1,544 | 908 | 1,618 | 1,345 | 1,109 | 1,692 | 1,608 | 1,103 | 2,231 | 1,551 |
Haryana | 1,124 | 1,344 | 1,214 | 1,723 | 1,645 | 1,855 | 1,394 | 1,712 | 1,637 | 1,415 |
Himachal Pradesh | 344 | 477 | 442 | 365 | 271 | 514 | 579 | 514 | 490 | 591 |
Jammu and Kashmir | 429 | 610 | 846 | 760 | 763 | 821 | 826 | 789 | 895 | 670 |
Jharkhand | 311 | 422 | 553 | 560 | 563 | 625 | 680 | 787 | 663 | 652 |
Karnataka | 600 | 478 | 681 | 556 | 502 | 782 | 665 | 647 | 824 | 773 |
Kerala | 667 | 889 | 706 | 696 | 632 | 1,032 | 1,230 | 1,045 | 980 | 1,179 |
Madhya Pradesh | 1,009 | 955 | 1,015 | 1,075 | 1,129 | 1,143 | 1,073 | 1,231 | 858 | 1,090 |
Maharashtra | 925 | 963 | 1,274 | 857 | 725 | 1,394 | 1,223 | 1,337 | 1,276 | 658 |
Manipur | 7,000 | 7,000 | NA | 778 | 778 | 774 | 788 | 729 | 840 | * |
Meghalaya | 684 | 673 | 670 | 676 | 701 | 704 | 766 | 695 | 1,030 | * |
Mizoram | 1,125 | 927 | 229 | 781 | 1,106 | 1,203 | 967 | 1,078 | 1,146 | * |
Nagaland | 926 | 901 | 896 | 1,142 | 835 | 1,040 | 1,043 | 1,047 | 1,048 | * |
Odisha | 565 | 550 | 608 | 604 | 589 | 619 | 661 | 700 | 755 | 692 |
Punjab | 1,097 | 1,111 | 1,288 | 1,276 | 1,354 | 1,336 | 1,360 | 1,350 | 1,335 | 1,065 |
Rajasthan | 1,134 | 1,146 | 1,051 | 1,114 | 1,066 | 1,203 | 1,243 | 1,296 | 1,144 | 1,192 |
Sikkim | 727 | 727 | 872 | 763 | 959 | 832 | 841 | 863 | 887 | * |
Tamil Nadu | 1,624 | 1,829 | 1,739 | 1,782 | 1,898 | 2,077 | 2,479 | 2,103 | 2,362 | 2,292 |
Tripura | 709 | 705 | 675 | 714 | 717 | 732 | 751 | 506 | 759 | * |
Uttar Pradesh | 857 | 993 | 837 | 856 | 865 | 753 | 832 | 828 | 898 | 699 |
Uttarakhand | 750 | 967 | 1,000 | 1,138 | 1,012 | 1,082 | 1,236 | 1,070 | 892 | 892 |
West Bengal | 952 | 918 | 997 | 828 | 1,065 | 1,047 | 994 | 1,162 | 1,181 | 1,194 |
All India | 1,004 | 916 | 1,115 | 1,006 | 958 | 1,193 | 1,133 | 1,168 | 1,168 | 1,037 |
Note: Figures for 2014-15 are 4th advance estimates. *in 2014-15, yield of Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura has been consolidated as 1,070 kg/ha.
Sources: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2015, Ministry of Agriculture; PRS.
Table 14: Coverage of micro-irrigation in states (in hectares)
State/UT | Drip | Sprinkler | Total | % of net sown area under micro-irrigation |
Andhra Pradesh | 8,34,865 | 3,28,441 | 11,63,306 | 10.5% |
Arunachal Pradesh | 613 | - | 613 | 0.3% |
Assam | 310 | 129 | 439 | 0% |
Bihar | 4,610 | 97,440 | 1,02,050 | 1.9% |
Chhattisgarh | 15,553 | 2,41,420 | 2,56,973 | 5.5% |
Goa | 965 | 899 | 1,864 | 1.4% |
Gujarat | 4,11,208 | 4,18,165 | 8,29,373 | 8.1% |
Haryana | 22,682 | 5,50,458 | 5,73,140 | 16.3% |
Himachal Pradesh | 291 | 684 | 975 | 0.2% |
Jharkhand | 6,303 | 9,919 | 16,222 | 2.2% |
Karnataka | 4,29,903 | 4,17,005 | 8,46,908 | 60.2% |
Kerala | 22,516 | 6,948 | 29,464 | 0.3% |
Madhya Pradesh | 1,66,358 | 1,85,759 | 3,52,117 | 17.2% |
Maharashtra | 8,96,343 | 3,74,783 | 12,71,126 | 8.3% |
Manipur | 47 | 30 | 77 | 0% |
Mizoram | 1,727 | 425 | 2,152 | 0.7% |
Nagaland | 200 | 5,005 | 5,205 | 1.8% |
Odisha | 18,431 | 82,147 | 1,00,578 | 86.7% |
Punjab | 30,805 | 12,161 | 42,966 | 11.3% |
Rajasthan | 1,70,098 | 15,14,451 | 16,84,549 | 38.4% |
Sikkim | 5,544 | 2,769 | 8,313 | 0.2% |
Tamil Nadu | 2,90,009 | 30,436 | 3,20,445 | 1.8% |
Telangana | 25,299 | 5,293 | 30,592 | 39.7% |
Tripura | 100 | 392 | 492 | 0% |
Uttar Pradesh | 15,519 | 21,164 | 36,683 | 14.3% |
Uttarakhand | 696 | 316 | 1,012 | 0.1% |
West Bengal | 604 | 50,576 | 51,180 | 0.3% |
Others | 15,500 | 31,000 | 46,500 | 0.9% |
All India | 33,87,099 | 43,88,215 | 77,75,314 | 5.6% |
Sources: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2015, Ministry of Agriculture; PRS.
Table 15: Ground water development and coverage of irrigation in states
State | Ground water development (%) | % Irrigated area |
Andhra Pradesh | 45% | 38.0% |
Arunachal Pradesh | 0% | 13.0% |
Assam | 14% | 5.4% |
Bihar | 44% | 47.8% |
Chhattisgarh | 35% | 26.4% |
Goa | 28% | 40.4% |
Gujarat | 137% | 41.2% |
Himachal Pradesh | 71% | 11.4% |
Haryana | 67% | 90.2% |
Jharkhand | 21% | 3.7% |
Jammu and Kashmir | 133% | 39.9% |
Karnataka | 32% | 26.9% |
Kerala | 64% | 22.2% |
Maharashtra | 57% | 16.7% |
Meghalaya | 0% | 20.9% |
Manipur | 1% | 18.6% |
Madhya Pradesh | 47% | 43.8% |
Mizoram | 4% | 9.5% |
Nagaland | 6% | 7.0% |
Odisha | 28% | 26.2% |
Punjab | 172% | 99.5% |
Rajasthan | 26% | 31.9% |
Sikkim | 137% | 15.9% |
Tamil Nadu | 77% | 50.2% |
Tripura | 7% | 21.4% |
Uttarakhand | 74% | 40.9% |
Uttar Pradesh | 57% | 76.2% |
West Bengal | 40% | 62.2% |
All states | 62% | 47.2% |
Sources: Central Water Commission; Agricultural Census 2011; PRS.
Table 16: Legal status of land leasing in states as of October 2016
State/UT | Land leasing restriction | Adoption of Model land leasing law |
Andhra Pradesh | Partial | No |
Arunachal Pradesh | Ban | No |
Assam | Partial | No |
Bihar | Ban | No |
Chhattisgarh | Ban | No |
Goa | Ban | No |
Gujarat | Ban | No |
Haryana | Partial | No |
Himachal Pradesh | Ban | No |
Jammu and Kashmir | Ban | No |
Jharkhand | Ban | No |
Karnataka | Ban | No |
Kerala | Ban | No |
Madhya Pradesh | - | Yes |
Maharashtra | Partial | No |
Manipur | Ban | No |
Meghalaya | Ban | No |
Mizoram | Ban | No |
Nagaland | Ban | No |
Odisha | Ban | No |
Punjab | Partial | No |
Rajasthan | Partial | No |
Sikkim | Ban | No |
Tamil Nadu | Partial | No |
Telangana | Ban | No |
Tripura | Partial | No |
Uttar Pradesh | Partial | No |
Uttarakhand | Ban | No |
West Bengal | Partial | No |
Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Ban | No |
Chandigarh | Ban | No |
Dadra and Nagar Haveli | Ban | No |
Daman and Diu | Ban | No |
Delhi | Ban | No |
Lakshadweep | Ban | No |
Puducherry | Ban | No |
Sources: Study Report on Agriculture Marketing and Farmer Friendly Reforms Across Indian States, NITI Aayog; PRS.
Table 17: MSPs for major crops 2005-2016 (in Rs/quintal)
Crop | 2005-06 | 2010-11 | 2016-17 | % increase 2010-11 to 2016-17 | % increase 2005-06 to 2016-17 |
Paddy Common | 570 | 1,000 | 1,470 | 6.6% | 9.0% |
Jowar Hybrid | 525 | 880 | 1,625 | 10.8% | 10.8% |
Maize | 540 | 880 | 1,365 | 7.6% | 8.8% |
Ragi | 525 | 965 | 1,725 | 10.2% | 11.4% |
Tur (Arhar) | 1,400 | 3,500 | 5,050 | 6.3% | 12.4% |
Moong | 1,520 | 3,670 | 5,225 | 6.1% | 11.9% |
Urad | 1,520 | 3,400 | 5,000 | 6.6% | 11.4% |
Groundnut-in-shell | 1,520 | 2,300 | 4,220 | 10.6% | 9.7% |
Sesamum | 1,520 | 2,900 | 5,000 | 9.5% | 11.4% |
Cotton medium staple | 1,760 | 2,500 | 3,860 | 7.5% | 7.4% |
Cotton long staple | 1,980 | 3,000 | 4,160 | 5.6% | 7.0% |
Wheat | 700 | 1,170 | 1,625 | 5.6% | 8.0% |
Masur | 1,535 | 2,250 | 3,950 | 9.8% | 9.0% |
Rapeseed/mustard | 1,715 | 1,850 | 3,700 | 12.2% | 7.2% |
Note: MSPs include the bonuses declared for certain crops.
Sources: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture; PRS.
Table 18: Status of APMC reforms in states as of October 2016
State/UT | Fruits and vegetables out of APMC | Taxes on agricultural commodities | Direct selling by producers | e-NAM | Number of markets under NAM |
Andhra Pradesh | Not done | 7.0% | Yes | Yes | 5 |
Arunachal Pradesh | Not done | 2.0% | Yes | No | 0 |
Assam | Done | 1.0% | Yes | No | 0 |
Bihar | Not done | 0.0% | No | No | 0 |
Chhattisgarh | Partial | 2.0% | Yes | Yes | 12 |
Goa | Not done | 5.0% | Yes | No | 0 |
Gujarat | Done | 5.8% | Yes | Yes | 40 |
Haryana | Partial | 10.5% | Yes | Yes | 36 |
Himachal Pradesh | Partial | 7.0% | Yes | Yes | 7 |
Jammu and Kashmir | Not done | 0.0% | No | No | 0 |
Jharkhand | Not done | 5.3% | Yes | Yes | 8 |
Karnataka | Partial | 7.5% | Yes | No | 0 |
Kerala | Not done | 3.0% | No | No | 0 |
Madhya Pradesh | Partial | 2.0% | Yes | Yes | 20 |
Maharashtra | Partial | 3.0% | Yes | Yes | 0 |
Manipur | Not done | 0.0% | No | No | 0 |
Meghalaya | Done | 1.0% | No | No | 0 |
Mizoram | Not done | 0.0% | Yes | No | 0 |
Nagaland | Partial | 0.0% | Yes | No | 0 |
Odisha | Done | 5.5% | No | No | 0 |
Punjab | Not done | 13.5% | Yes | No | 0 |
Rajasthan | Partial | 2.8% | Yes | Yes | 11 |
Sikkim | Not done | 1.3% | Yes | No | 0 |
Tamil Nadu | Not done | 5.0% | No | No | 0 |
Telangana | Not done | 0.0% | Yes | Yes | 44 |
Tripura | Not done | 2.0% | Yes | No | 0 |
Uttar Pradesh | Not done | 4.0% | No | Yes | 66 |
Uttarakhand | Not done | 9.0% | Yes | No | 0 |
West Bengal | Partial | 5.0% | Yes | No | 0 |
Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Not followed | 0.0% | No | No | 0 |
Chandigarh | Not followed | 10.5% | Yes | No | 0 |
Dadra and Nagar Haveli | Not followed | 0.0% | No | No | 0 |
Daman and Diu | Not followed | 0.0% | No | No | 0 |
Delhi | Partial | 7.0% | No | No | 0 |
Lakshadweep | Not followed | 0.0% | No | No | 0 |
Puducherry | Not followed | 4.8% | No | No | 0 |
Sources: Study Report on Agriculture Marketing and Farmer Friendly Reforms Across Indian States, NITI Aayog; PRS.